Showing posts with label Susana Mateus. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Susana Mateus. Show all posts

2007/08/02

Susana Bastos Mateus and Yaacov Gladstone at the entrance to the Alberto Benveniste Chair of Sephardic Studies at the University of Lisbon

Flight and resistance of the New Christians of Riba-Côa in the 16th and 17th centuries, some examples. (Portuguese text below)

Susana Bastos Mateus, PHD student and lecturer at Alberto Benveniste Chair of Sephardic Studies, University of Lisbon
(translated by mlopesazevedo and alexandre teixeira mendes)

The Jewish presence in the lands of Riba-Côa is well documented throughout the
Medieval period. A good example of this ancient reality is found in Foros de Castelo Rodrigo masterly studied by Luis F. Lindley Cintra. Articulated in this text dating from the XIII century, there are many references to the Jewish presence. Some of the titles include, A Jew who buys fish…To know a Jew…Meat that Jew slaughters. (the latter, referring to the prohibition of selling meat slaughtered by Jews)

With the expulsion of Jews from Castela in 1492, their numbers in this border region must have certainly increased. Maria Pimento Ferro Tavares refers to a significant increase in the Jewish communities throughout the 15th century, preferring the border districts of Beira and between the Tejo and Odiana (p.74).

With the forced conversion of Portuguese Jews during the reign of D. Manuel, this region presented with an elevated number of New Christians, an always fluctuating number due to the great porosity of the border.

The elevated presence of New Christians in this region, many of whom were merchants circulating throughout various localities, including Castela, made this region a target for the tribunal of the Holy office. In this way, similar to the reasoning behind the visit of Jeronimo de Sousa (Inquisition official) in 1583, to Guimarães, Mesão Frio, Vila Real, Torre de Moncorvo, Freixo de Espada à Cinta e Mogadouro, the region of Riba-Côa also suffered an inquisitorial visitation by Mateus Pereira da Sá in 1587, traveling to Mata de Lobos, Escarigo, Aldeia da Ponte and Vilar Torpim. Unfortunately, as referred to by Elvira Mea, the documentation of this visitation is very fragmented, which impedes analysis and comparative study. Nevertheless, this inquisitorial action clearly fits in the strategy of the Holy Office to control the more distant territories of the realm, all carried out with the complicitous collaboration of local ecclesiastical authorities.

Already by the middle of the 17th century, this region was again the target of inquisitorial activity. In 1627, Diogo de Sousa visited a larger territory; Viseu, S. Pedro Sul, Trancoso, Pinhel, Almeida, Vilar Torpim and Torre de Moncorvo. Francisco Bethencourt points out the importance of these visitations to the repressive inquisitorial machinery, …now that the “visitadores” no longer limit themselves to covering the principal towns and cities, including in their itineraries the most peripheral villages… (p.6)

What strategies did the New Christians use to guarantee their survival and improve their living conditions in a region such as this, which suffered intense systematic inquisitorial control on one hand , and on the other, pillaging and destruction caused by the wars with Castella, namely the war of Restoration (1640)?

Proximity to the border permitted this community to establish trans-border networks, especially concerning trade. Also, its geographic position unequivocally facilitated the opportunity for escaping. Pilar Huerga Criado studied the relations established in the border region, tracing the footsteps of some of the Portuguese New Christians in Castela. One of his conclusions shows that Portuguese New Christians from Riba-Cõa preferred to establish themselves in Cuidad Rodrigo, which became a base for their commercial activity. A study of the Spanish inquisition archives, especially from the tribunal of Llerena, would allow a better understanding of the lives and social intercourse of these Portuguese New Christians in Castilian territory.

Notwithstanding, the New Christians of Riba-Côa did not limit themselves to crossing the border, their travels show them to be far more varied and ambitious. Their dual objective of fleeing inquisitorial persecution and searching for new opportunities, carried these men and women far a field from their native land.

Through the study of some of the cases from the Tribunal of the Holy Office in Lisbon, we can verify the significant number of individuals from Riba Côa in Brazilian territory. The examples are very diverse, indicating various motives for crossing the Atlantic. Lets examine some cases.

On June 17, 1731, Antonio Rodrigues Campos was reconciled in Lisbon, being a native of the town of Almeida. He lived in a place called Irará, within the limits of the town of Santo Amaro do Porto de Nossa Senhora da Purificação, Archbishopric of Baia. He was married to Leonor Henriques and cultivated “mandioca” (manioc) and tobacco. Also, in 1731, Antonio da Silva was denounced. He had been a resident of Escalhão and had passed through Minas. He was single and certainly had left in search of fortune.

In the first decade of the 18th century, there appears various denunciations against the Nunes de Miranda family. The first members of this family are from Almeida, and the younger generations are already natives of Castelo Rodrigo and Vilar Torpim (as in the cases of the brothers Francisco Miranda and Manuel Nunes Bernal). A significant number of family members are scattered throughout lands of Brazil, in Baia and in Rio de Janeiro. It is a curiosity to discover that some of the denunciations were made by relatives imprisoned by the inquisition in Llerena, which demonstrates well the family dispersion and diversity of travels.

A paradgmatical case is of the businessman Manuel de Albuquerque e Aguilar, imprisoned on November 13, 1731 and who appeared in the auto of July 6, 1732 in Lisbon. He was a native of the town of Castelo Rodrigo and a resident of Minas de Ouro Preto, bishopric of Rio de Janeiro, where he was a major diamond merchant. His example is so significant, due to the large fortune he achieved in Brazil, that it merits its own study. Notwithstanding his vast wealth, his case fits in perfectly in this movement of New Christians from Riba-Côa in flight or in search of new opportunities.




Fugas e resistências dos cristãos novos de Riba-Côa nos séculos XVI a XVIII. Alguns exemplos.

Susana Bastos Mateus

A presença judaica em terras de Riba-Côa está plenamente atestada pela documentação, ao longo de toda a época medieval. Um bom exemplo desta antiquíssima realidade encontra-se nos Foros de Castelo Rodrigo, estudados de forma magistral por Luís F. Lindley Cintra. No articulado deste texto, datado do século XIII, encontramos diversas referências à presença judaica. Vejamos alguns dos títulos: “Judeo que pescado conprare”, “Qui auer conoscir a iudeo” ou “Carne que iudeo matar” (este último, referindo-se à proibição de se vender carne de animais abatidos por judeus nas carniçarias).

Com a expulsão dos judeus de Castela, em 1492, o seu número nesta região tão próxima da fronteira entre os dois reinos terá certamente aumentado de forma muito significativa. De facto, Maria José Ferro Tavares refere um crescimento significativo das comunas ao longo de todo o século XV. Diz esta autora que “(...) a fixação deste povo em território português é, ao longo do século XV, desproporcional, acentuando-se a sua preferência pelos lugares fronteiriços das comarcas da Beira e Entre Tejo e Odiana” (p. 74).

Com o processo de conversão forçada dos judeus portugueses, durante o reinado de D. Manuel, esta região passou a apresentar um elevado número de cristãos-novos, um número que seria sempre muito fluído devido ao elevado grau de porosidade da fronteira.

A elevada presença de cristãos-novos nesta região, muitos dos quais mercadores que circulavam por várias localidades, incluindo em Castela, transformou-a num alvo de alguma importância para o Tribunal do Santo Ofício. Deste modo, na mesma lógica que presidiu à visita de Jerónimo de Sousa a Guimarães, Mesão Frio, Vila Real, Torre de Moncorvo, Freixo de Espada à Cinta e Mogadouro, em 1583, também a região de Riba-Côa vai sofrer uma visitação inquisitorial, feita por Mateus Pereira de Sá em 1587, percorrendo as localidades de Mata de Lobos, Escarigo, Aldeia da Ponte e Vilar Torpim. Infelizmente, tal como já foi referido por Elvira Mea, a documentação relativa a esta visita encontra-se muito fragmentada o que dificulta a análise e estudos comparativos. No entanto, esta acção inquisitorial insere-se claramente numa estratégia do Santo Ofício para controlar os territórios mais distantes do reino, tudo efectuado em estreita colaboração com as autoridades eclesiásticas locais.

Já em pleno século XVII, esta região será novamente alvo da actuação inquisitorial. Desta feita, em 1627, Diogo de Sousa visitará uma território mais vasto: Viseu, S. Pedro do Sul, Trancoso, Pinhel, Almeida, Vilar Torpim e Torre de Moncorvo. Francisco Bethencourt salienta a importância destas visitações para o aparelho repressivo inquisitorial, “(...) já que os visitadores não se limitam a percorrer as principais vilas e cidades, incluindo nos seus itinerários as aldeias mais periféricas” (p. 6).

Numa região que, como vimos, sofria de forma sistemática um controlo inquisitorial mais intenso e que, por outro lado, sofreu vários saques e destruições provocadas pelas guerras com Castela, nomeadamente durante a guerra da Restauração, quais eram as estratégias utilizadas pelos cristãos novos para garantirem a sua sobrevivência e para melhorarem as suas condições de vida?

A proximidade da fronteira possibilitou a estas gentes o estabelecimento de redes transfronteiriças, principalmente no tocante ao comércio. Por outro lado, esta situação geográfica, facilitava de forma inequívoca as hipóteses de fuga. Pilar Huerga Criado estudou as relações estabelecidas na zona de fronteira, acompanhando alguns percursos de cristãos novos portugueses em terras de Castela. Uma das suas conclusões mostra a preferência dos cristãos novos portugueses, oriundos de Riba-Côa, em se estabelecerem em Ciudad Rodrigo, passando esta localidade a servir de base às suas actividades comerciais. O estudo dos arquivos inquisitoriais espanhóis, principalmente os do tribunal de Llerena, permitirá conhecer melhor as vivências e as redes de sociabilidade destes cristãos novos portugueses em território castelhano.

No entanto, os cristãos novos de Riba-Côa não se limitaram a passar a fronteira, os seus percursos revelam-se muito mais diversificados e ambiciosos. O seu objectivo duplo de fuga à perseguição inquisitorial e procura de novas oportunidades, levou estes homens e mulheres a destinos muito mais distantes da sua terra de origem.

Através do estudo de alguns processos do Tribunal do Santo Ofício de Lisboa, podemos verificar o número significativo de indivíduos oriundos de Riba-Côa em terras Brasileiras. Os exemplos são muito diversificados, mostrando que várias motivações estiveram na base da travessia do Atlântico. Vejamos alguns casos.

Em 17 de Junho de 1731, era reconciliado em Lisboa, António Rodrigues Campos, sendo originário da vila de Almeida, morava no sítio de Irará, termo da vila de Santo Amaro do Porto de Nossa Senhora da Purificação , Arcebispado da Baía, era casado com Leonor Henriques e dedicava-se ao cultivo da mandioca e do tabaco.

Também em 1731, foi denunciado António da Silva, morador em Escalhão que tinha passado para as Minas, era solteiro e certamente partira em busca de riqueza.

Nas primeiras décadas do século XVIII aparecem várias denúncias feitas contra a família Nunes de Miranda. Os primeiros elementos desta família são oriundos de Almeida, as gerações mais novas já são naturais de Castelo Rodrigo e Vilar Torpim (é o caso dos irmãos Francisco Miranda e Manuel Nunes Bernar). Um número muito significativo de elementos desta família estará espalhado por terras brasileiras, na Baía e no Rio de Janeiro. É curioso verificar que algumas das denúncias foram feitas por familiares presos pela inquisição de Llerena, o que mostra bem a dispersão familiar e a diversidade de percursos.

Um caso paradigmático é o do homem de negócios Manuel de Albuquerque e Aguilar, preso em 13 de Novembro de 1731 e que saiu no auto de 6 de Julho de 1732, em Lisboa. Era natural da vila de Castelo Rodrigo e morador nas Minas de Ouro Preto, Bispado do Rio de Janeiro, onde era um grande comerciante de diamantes. O seu exemplo é tão significativo, dada a grande fortuna que conseguirá alcançar no Brasil, que o merecerá um estudo próprio. No entanto, apesar dessa fortuna, o seu caso inscreve-se perfeitamente nesta movimentação dos cristãos novos de Riba-Côa, em fuga ou em busca de novas oportunidades de vida.


Bibliografia.

Fontes.

A.N.T.T., Inquisição de Coimbra, Livro 662.


Estudos.

BETHENCOURT, Francisco; Inquisição e Controlo Social, separata de História & Crítica, nº14, Lisboa, Junho, 1987.


CINTRA, Luís F. Lindley; A Linguagem dos Foros de Castelo Rodrigo, Lisboa, INCM, [s.d.].


HUERGA CRIADO, Pilar; En la Raya de Portugal. Solidaridad y tensiones en la comunidad judeoconversa, Salamanca, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 1994.


MEA, Elvira Cunha de Azevedo; A Inquisição de Coimbra no século XVI. A Instituição, os Homens e a Sociedade, Porto, Fundação Eng.º António de Ameida, 1997.


NOVINSKY, Anita; Inquisição. Rol de Culpados. Fontes para a História do Brasil (século XVIII), Rio de Janeiro, Expressão e Cultura, 1992.


SILVA, José J.; Monografia do Concelho de Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo, Gouveia, 1992.

TAVARES, Maria José Pimenta Ferro; Os Judeus em Portugal no século XV, vol. I, Lisboa, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1982.







2007/05/16

LISBON 1506, THE MASSACRE OF THE JEWS, book review

The author Susana Bastos Mateus with Yaacov Gladstone at the Alberto Benveniste Centre for Sephardic Studies at the New University of Lisbon.


Authors Susana Bastos Mateus and Paulo Mendes Pinto
at recent book launch in Lisbon




BOOK REVIEW

Lisboa 1506, O Massacre Dos Judeus
Lisbon, 1506, The Massacre of the Jews


Susana Bastos Mateus, Paulo Mendes Pinto, 2007, Alêtheia Editores, Lisboa.

By mlopesazevedo
(www.friendsofmarranos.blogspot.com)

This is the first non-fiction book in Portuguese, about the massacre in Lisbon of 4,000 Marranos*, Jews who were forcibly baptized in Portugal in 1497. During three days at Pessach (Passover), in April 1506 (Nisan, 28,29,30, 5266), an unruly mob, incited by fanatical Dominican monks killed between 1,000 and 4,000 innocent men, women, and children.
Apart from reference in Alexandre Herculano's classic, History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal in the mid 19th century, there has been virtually nothing written by modern Portuguese authors on the subject. The massacre was described in one of the earliest books written in Portuguese, Samuel Usque’s Consolação às Tribulações de Israel, Ferrara, 1553,

Among these were two Dominican friars, who went through the city of Lisbon with crucifixes on their shoulders, inciting the people and calling for all to join them to avenge the death of their god…they attacked the weak and defenceless group of ill-baptized New Christians with spears and unsheathed swords. They killed four thousand of them…

(English translation of Martin A. Cohen, Consolation for the Tribulations of Israel, The Jewish Publication Society of America, Philadelphia, 1977, p. 205)
The co-authors of this small but well organized book, instructors at the Alberto Beneviste Centre for Sephardic Studies at the New University of Lisbon, refer not only to Usque and other contemporary accounts but also review modern articles and reviews such as Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi’s, Le Massacre de Lisbonne en 1506 et l’image du roi dans le Shebet yehudah, Sefardica, Paris, Chandeigne, 1998.
The book starts with a much needed succinct overall history of Iberian Jews, including their mass migration to Portugal in the 14th and 15th century, especially after the Edict of Expulsion of 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs which resulted in over 100,000 Jews entering Portugal, then with a population of about one million. Although in December 1496, King Manuel, under pressure from his Spanish in-laws, ordered Jews to leave by October 1497, he changed his mind, prohibited their departure and forcibly baptized them in 1497.
The massacre occurred at the height of the plague when over 100 people were dying each day in Lisbon. The Jews were of course blamed for the plague and the prolonged drought. The King had fled Lisbon. During a service on Sunday afternoon at St. Dominic’s church (still standing in Lisbon, next to the Rossio), a New Christian questioned a claim of a supposed miracle involving the crucifix, perhaps pointing out that a piece of wood was incapable of a miracle (the contemporary narrations differ). He was dragged out to the square in front of the church, beaten and quartered before being burned. His brother met the same fate. For three days the rioting and looting continued. The elderly and the young were not spared. At one point there was a mound of over 400 dead bodies in the Rossio (the main square of downtown Lisbon). At one point, German merchants paid for wood for the pyre, which had run out.
Soon after the massacre the King ordered the public execution of the two Dominican monks and about 60 ringleaders. He withdrew certain privileges and imposed sanctions on the city of Lisbon. He renewed for another 20 years, the period in which the former Jews would not be subjected to inquiries about their private religious practices (hence the formation of a unique Marrano culture in Portugal). He also permitted the New Christians to leave the realm and sell their possessions.
The authors offer a historical and political analysis of the consequences of the massacre as well as generous historical explanatory notes throughout the text, making this a useful text to
ordinary readers. A review of Jewish and non-Jewish literature, as well as an extensive bibliography should also appeal to scholars.
The occasional black and white image, mostly of Inquisitorial scenes (there is only one known contemporary image of the massacre itself) lends the work an aura of authenticity and sombreness.
This book a welcome addition to a growing body of recent books on Portuguese Jewish history which are slowly uncovering the constructed memory loss which has concealed the true history of Portugal for far too long. For a fictional account of the Lisbon massacre, see Richard Zimler's 1998 novel, The Last Kabbalist of Lisbon, available in several languages. The Friends of Marranos (friendsofmarranos.blogspot.com) are accepting donations for the translation and publishing of this book into English.

*Marranos, at one time a pejorative term applied to Jews who were forcibly baptized in Spain in 1391 and in Portugal in 1497, is in common usage by some academics in Portugal who attribute its origin to the Aramaic-Hebrew Mar Anus, forced one, like the widely used Hebrew term today, Anousim. Christianity adopted the nomeclature of Converso or New Christian, who were not necessarily Marrano. The term Marrano is used here because of its association with the forced baptism of 1497 and the Inquisition, its acceptance in Portugal, and its growing meaning as a badge of identity and resistance to the demonic unHoly Office of the Inquisition (which still exists!).